The types of rainforest include: 

• Tropical mangrove forests
• Temperate rainforests
• Seasonal rainforests
• Semi-evergreen forests
• Moist/dry deciduous forests

The largest tropical forest on the planet is, by far, the Amazon rainforest — with the Congo Basin Forest taking second place.

TROPICAL RAINFOREST CLIMATE AND ECOLOGY

Found near the equator, Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Central America, tropical rainforests are characterized by their warm temperatures (ranging from 68-88° F), lush plant life, incredible biodiversity, and absence of winter — with only a rainy and dry season.

As you might imagine, these conditions are highly conducive to biodiversity: tropical forests house around 50% of the world’s plants and animals — including orchids, bromeliads, vines, ferns, mosses, and numerous birds, bats, mammals, and insects.

Thanks to persistent rainfall that often exceeds 200 cm annually, tropical rainforest soils experience rapid decomposition and leaching — and as a result are generally acidic and nutrient-poor.

Despite the poor soil, the composition of rainforest trees is highly diverse, with up to 100 different species in just 1 square kilometer, creating a lush canopy overhead that allows little light to reach the forest floor. Most put down shallow roots as they stretch 25-35m into the sky, stabilizing themselves with buttressed trunks that tightly grip the ground. Fun fact: many rainforest tree species are evergreens — and not necessarily the towering the conifers we usually associate with that term.

WHAT'S HAPPENING TO TROPICAL FORESTS TODAY?

More than 1/2 of the world’s tropical forests have been destroyed, with more getting cut down every day for agricultural expansion, logging for lumber and fuel, and infrastructure development. To help address this, One Tree Planted is working with local communities to restore tropical forests such as the Amazon, around the world! 

Temperate forests include:

• Moist conifer and evergreen broad-leaved forests
• Dry conifer forests
• Mediterranean forests
• Temperate coniferous forests
• Temperate broad-leaved rainforests

The largest temperate rainforest in the world is Alaska’s Tongrass forest, which spans 16.7 million acres and is home to many rare and endemic species.

TEMPERATE FORESTS CLIMATE AND ECOLOGY

Spanning from the coast of eastern North America to northeastern Asia and western and central Europe, temperate forests are characterized by having four distinct seasons, moderate climates, and fertile soils that support a range of  temperate forests wildlife species such as squirrels, rabbits, birds, deer, mountain lions, bobcats, timber wolves, foxes, and black bears.

Because they experience winter for 6+ months of the year, temperate forests' growing seasons are generally limited to 140-200 days. Many wildlife species either hibernate or migrate during the colder months.

With moderately dense canopies that still allow light through, the rich soil of temperate deciduous forest ecosystems support diverse understory vegetation. Unlike tropical forests, however, temperate forests usually have 3-4 tree species per square kilometer and are distinguished by deciduous trees that drop their leaves annually.

Common temperate forest tree species include oak, hickory, beech, hemlock, maple, basswood, cottonwood, elm, willow, and many spring-flowering herbs such as violet, partridgeberry, and goldthread.

WHAT'S HAPPENING TO TEMPERATE FORESTS TODAY?

Although they once spanned the globe, temperate forests have been extensively cleared for human settlement due to their moderate climate and rich soils. Today, only scattered patches remain to remind us of their historic grandeur. We plant trees in temperate forests across North America.

Boreal forests comprise the world’s largest terrestrial biome and form a broad belt across Eurasia and North America. Two thirds are located in Siberia, while the rest can be found in Scandinavia, Alaska, and Canada.

The boreal forest climate is characterized by short summers and long winters with incredibly cold temperatures (reaching -65°F in some places).

Boreal forests have poor, acidic soils and short growing seasons (only 130 days).

BOREAL FOREST CLIMATE AND ECOLOGY

Due to the extreme cold, boreal forest trees are limited to species that can tolerate it, with the most common boreal tree species being deciduous trees and evergreen conifers such as pine, fir, and spruce. With dense canopies, little light is able to reach the forest floor, which limits understory growth.

Despite these harsh conditions, an incredible diversity of life has adapted to and thrives in the unique boreal ecosystem.

Boreal wildlife species include caribou, woodpeckers, hawks, moose, bear, lynx, foxes, wolves, deer, hares, shrews, and bats — many of which must hibernate or migrate during the coldest months to survive.

WHAT'S HAPPENING TO BOREAL FORESTS TODAY

Despite their incredible breadth, boreal forests are under threat from extensive deforestation. But from Quebec to Ontario, we’re working to restore Canada’s iconic boreal forests!